RULES FOR ENHANCED CONTROL OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AS PART OF THE ONE HEALTH CONCEPT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2025.03.002Keywords:
antimicrobial, AMR, One Health, MIA List, veterinary practiceAbstract
This work includes an overview of legislative changes in the use of veterinary medicinal products. These developments are a result of global initiatives of control over antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The main focus of the research is the list of antibiotics intended only for human use by the World Health Organization (WHO). In synchrony with the intention of the European Commission to familiarize young people, this report may contribute to a better understanding of the One Health concept and the awareness of the threat of AMR. Public documents of the WHO and the United Nations, as well as documents of harmonized European legislation and national regulatory framework were analysed with methods of documentary analysis, content analysis, complex analysis and synthesis. Databases for monitoring the use of antimicrobials have been analysed, the impact of risk factors for AMR has been compared, and conclusions for adequate future actions to control AMR have been drawn.
References
World Health Organization, WHO List of Medically Important Antimicrobials. A risk management tool for mitigating antimicrobial resistance due to non-human use, 6th revision, ISBN 978-92-4-008461-2, electronic version (accessed 06 April 2025), 2024.
World Organization of Animal Health, WOAH List of Antimicrobial Agents of Veterinary Importance, electronic version (accessed 06 April 2025), 2024.
Vankova D., "One Health" - the birth of the idea, development and role in European social policies, Bulletin of the Union of Scientists - Varna. Medicine and Ecology Series 1 (27) :15-21, 2022.
Cassidy A., One Medicine? Advocating (Inter) disciplinarity at the Interfaces of Animal Health, Human Health, and the Environment. In: Frickel S, Albert M, Prainsack B, editors. Investigating Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Theory and Practice across Disciplines. Chapter 10, New Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers University Press, available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395883/, 2016.
European Commission, Commission proposes Critical Medicines Act to bolster the supply of critical medicines in the EU: Reform of the EU pharmaceutical legislation, electronic version (accessed 06 April 2025), 2025.
Gould K., "Antibiotics: From Prehistory to the Present Day", Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Volume 71 (3): 572-575, https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkv484, 2016.
Nowak A. M. Nowak, K. Cybulska, Stories with Microorganisms, Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 22 (1–2): 59–68, doi:10.1515/cdem-2017-0003, 2017.
European Court of Auditors, Special report: Measures to tackle antimicrobial resistance, Publications Office of the EU, https://op.europa.eu › amr-18-2019, 2019.
Dyar O., B. Huttner, J. Schouten, C. Pulcini on behalf of ESGAP, What is antimicrobial stewardship, Clinical Microbiology and Infection 23 (11): 793-798, 2017.
McGowan J., Gerding D., Does antibiotic restriction prevent resistance? New Horizons (Baltimore Md.) 4(3):370-376, https://europepmc.org/article/med/8856755, 1996.
Regulation (EU) 2019/6 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on veterinary medicinal products and repealing Directive 2001/82/EC, 32019R0006, OJ L 4, p. 43–167, 2019.
van Dijk, H.F.G., Verbrugh, H.A. & Ad hoc advisory committee on disinfectants of the Health Council of the Netherlands, Resisting disinfectants. Communications Medicine 2, 6, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-021-00070-8, (2022).
Tong C., H. Ho, G. Chen, Z. Li, J. Zhang, Disinfectant resistance in bacteria: Mechanisms, spread, and resolution strategies, Environmental Research, Volume 195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110897, 2021.
World Health Organization, Ten threats to global health in 2019, WHO Newsroom, Spotlight, electronic version (accessed 06 April 2025), 2019.
15.European Commission, HERA factsheet - Health Union: Identifying top 3 priority health threats, Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority, electronic version (accessed 06 April 2025), 2022.
Regulation (EU) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition, 32003R1831, OJ L 268, 18.10.2003, p. 29–43, 2003.
Directive 2003/99/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents, amending Council Decision 90/424/EEC and repealing Council Directive 92/117/EEC, 32003L0099, OJ L 325, 12.12.2003, p. 31–40, 2003.
Decision No 1082/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2013 on serious cross-border threats to health and repealing Decision No 2119/98/EU Text with EEA relevance, 32013D1082, OJ L 293, 5.11.2013, p. 1–15, Repealed by 32022R2371, 2013.
Decision No 2013/652/EU: Commission Implementing Decision of 12 November 2013 on the monitoring and reporting of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and commensal bacteria (notified under document C (2013) 7145, 32013D0652, OJ L 303, 14.11.2013, p. 26–39, Repealed by 32020D1729, 2013.
World Health Organization, Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication, ISBN 9789241509763, 2015.
Organization of United Nations, Political Declaration of the High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly on Antimicrobial Resistance: resolution/adopted by the General Assembly UN. General Assembly 71st sess.: 2016-2017, UN Digital Library, electronic version (accessed 06 April 2025), 2016.
Regulation (EU) 2019/4 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the manufacture, placing on the market and use of medicated feed, amending Regulation (EC) No 183/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 90/167/EEC, 32019R0004, OJ L 4, 7.1.2019, p. 1–23, 2019.
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1973 of 18 July 2024 establishing a list of antimicrobials which shall not be used in accordance with Articles 112 and 113 of Regulation (EU) 2019/6 of the European Parliament and of the Council or which shall only be used in accordance with those Articles subject to certain conditions, 32024R1973, OJ L, 2024/1973, 19.7.2024, 2024.
National Assembly, Law on Amendments and Supplements to the Veterinary Medical Activity Act, published in the State Gazette, issue 23 of 19.03.2024 by Decree No. 65 of the President of the Republic of Bulgaria, 2024.
World Health Organization, Critically important antibacterial agents for human medicine for risk management strategies of non-human use: report of a WHO working group consultation, Canberra, Australia, WHO Digital Library: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43330 (accessed 06 April 2025), 2005.
European Commission, Commission Notice - Guidelines on the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine, EU Publication Office: https://op.europa.eu/bg/publication-detail/-/publication/202c8681-5813-11e5-afbf-01aa75ed71a1 (accessed 06 April 2025), 2011.
Vekov V., G. Petrova, J. Kolev, M. Mitev, Trends in future pharmaceutical policy in the European Union, Medical Management and Health Policy 55 (1): 3-16, 2024.
World Organization of Animal Health, About ANIMUSE, Official Page: https://amu.woah.org/amu-system-portal/home (accessed 06 of April 2025), 2024.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
