SPINAL CORD STIMULATION: AN OVERVIEW

Abstract

PURPOSE: To review and summarize the most recent evidence on spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for chronic pain management and motor function improvement, with a focus on clinical outcomes, mechanisms, and safety. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using major scientific databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science. Only studies published in the current year were included. Eligible publications involved human or animal research related to pain relief, motor recovery, device performance, or safety. Data were synthesized descriptively. RESULTS: Recent studies confirm that SCS provides effective and sustained pain relief, improves functionality, and reduces opioid use. Novel stimulation modalities—such as high-frequency and closed-loop systems—demonstrated superior outcomes compared to traditional tonic stimulation. Mechanistic investigations revealed that SCS modulates neural pathways, reduces inflammation, and promotes neuroprotection. Additionally, emerging evidence supports its role in motor rehabilitation for spinal cord injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Explantation rates remain low, but concerns persist regarding insufficient pain relief, device limitations, and economic impact. CONCLUSIONS: SCS is a safe and increasingly versatile therapy for chronic pain and motor dysfunction. Continued research is needed to refine patient selection, stimulation strategies, and long-term outcomes.